Oceanography is the scientific study of the world's oceans which cover over 70 percent of the earth's surface. The beginnings of modern oceanography go back to the 1870s when, for the first time, wide ranging scientific observations and studies of the oceans were undertaken by British. Since then, oceanography has developed into a highly technical and interdisciplinary science which is now divided into several fields of study. These are biological oceanography, which deals with the study of the marine organisms and marine ecology, chemical oceanography, which is concerned with the composition of sea water, and physical oceanography, which studies ocean currents, tides, waves, and the role played by the oceans in climate and weather. Geological oceanography is also another branch of oceanography and is mainly concerned with the formation, composition and evaluation of the ocean basins. Oceanographic knowledge is essential to allow exploitation of the enormous food, mineral and energy resources of the oceans.
  
  1. In the passage the writer does not dwell on_____
  A) the purpose and research concerns of biological oceanography.
  B) the history of oceanography studies, and the range of these studies
  C) how oceanographic studies can contribute to the improvement of shipping.
  D) the uses for us of the information provided by oceanographic studies about the oceans.
  E) what geological oceanography and chemical oceanography deal with.
  2. It is clear from the passage that, due to the complexity and variety of its research activities, oceanography _____
  A) cooperates with some of the other sciences
  B) focuses only on the discovery of the new energy resources in the oceans
  C) benefits extensively from the findings of biology.
  D) is rarely concerned with the problems of the ocean environment.
  E) has developed into a separate and independent discipline with no relationship with other sciences.
  3. We understood from the passage that over the last hundred years or so _____
  A) many wide ranging studies have been made of ocean currents and their effects on climate.
  B) the oceans have been extensively exploited for food and mineral deposits.
  C) British scientists have carried out extensive studies of the ocean basis.
  D) scientists have been much concerned with the pollution of the ocean environment.
  E) much progress has been made in the development of oceanography as a science In 1945, following the Second World War, the

  The United Nations was created by a charter signed by delegates of 50
  countries on 26 June, 1945. The headquarters of the UN is in New York
  City. Its official languages are Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.
  The UN is an international organization that works for world peace and
  security and for the betterment of all mankind. There are 6 major organs of
  the UN that carry on the work of the organization. These 6 major organs
  are: The General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social
  Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice and the
  Secretariat.
  1. According to the passage the charter of the United Nations _____ .
  A) was created in New York.
  B) established its existence.
  C) was for world peace.
  D) helped mankind.
  E) made the organs work better.
  2. The main _____ .
  A) working units of the UN are made up of 50 countries.
  B) building of the UN is located in 5 different countries.
  C) language of the UN is based on 5 other languages.
  D) city for its functioning is New York City.
  E) building of the UN is located in New York City.
  3. Representatives of most of the world's countries _____ .
  A) decided to sign an agreement to work for the UN.
  B) established a multi-national headquarters.
  C) made the UN official.
  D) agreed to work together for peace and security in the world.
  E) disagreed about how many organs they needed.

  It is to be expected that, by the year 2050, people's eating habits will have changed beyond recognition. With a world-wide growth in population very many new mechanical and scientific methods will come into being, to step up food production. There may well be an end to food as we know it today. In fact, meals, as we know them, may become a thing of the past. Food constituents and vitamins may be taken in the form of capsules, tablets and pills. The thought of these highly artificial food constituents replacing present day foods may not be very relishing, but they may be the answer to food shortage and world famine.
  
  1. It is suggested in the passage that, at a not too distant date,
  _____ .
  A) the world will face severe famine.
  B) the rate of growth in the world population will have been slowed
  down.
  C) the world's food production will decline tremendously despite
  the population growth.
  D) methods of advertising food products will change drastically.
  E) our traditional eating habits will have been completely replaced.
  2. The author points out that artificial food _____ .
  A) will unfortunately be deficient in vitamins.
  B) can be economically and easily produced.
  C) is not practical but it is delicious.
  D) may provide a solution to the problem of a world food shortage.
  E) will appeal greatly to the majority of people.
  3. The main point emphasized in the passage is that _____ .
  A) present-day eating habits must be preserved.
  B) in the twenty-first century the wide-spread use of artificial food
  will be inevitable.
  C) famine and food shortage in the world can only be overcome by
  reducing the population growth rate.
  D) artificial foods need not conflict with traditional eating habits.
  E) mechanical and scientific methods are indispensable for the
  production of vitamins.

  Fears of Children
  
  Parents teach their children to be fearful and cautious of specific dangers, such as fire or crossing the road. Anxiety can be useful, because it helps protect the child from harm. However, children can be fearful of situations or objects that adults don't consider threatening. The sources of fear may change as the child matures; for example, a fear of the dark or monsters under the bed may give way to fears of burglary or violence. Tactics that don't work include teasing the child for being afraid, or compelling them to confront fearful situations. Helping the child to deal with fear includes taking their feelings seriously, encouraging them to talk about their anxieties, telling them the facts, and giving them the opportunity to confront their fears at their own pace and with your support.
  1. It is stated in the article that _____.
   A) parents should not teach their children to be cautious of specific
   dangers
   B) the best way to avoid fears during childhood is to ignore them
   C) every single child has a fear of burglary and violence
   D) making fun of the child's fears is the best way to get rid of them
   E) the fears of the childhood can lead to some other fears in the
   adulthood
  
  2. It is clear from the passage that forcing the child to face his fears directly _____.
   A) works when the child isn't eager to talk about his fears
   B) helps the child to learn the facts and realities
   C) may protect him from same certain dangers
   D) can be useful with same trivial fears
   E) is not a good way to follow
  
  3. It can be understood from the article that adults _____.
   A) prefer to cope with difficult situations at their own pace
   B) should talk to the child about his fears in an open and honest way
   C) may have same fears but may not be aware of them
   D) do not want to talk about their own fears unlike children
   E) are much more vulnerable to fearful situations than children