Cosmetics have been used for thousands of years to improve the appearances of people and also to help keep them clean and healthy. We know that cosmetics were often used in ancient Egypt. Many beautiful jars and bottles which held oils and perfumes, have been found, and can be seen in museums. Men, in some primitive tribes and societies also paint their faces and bodies. This is usually done to show that they are of some high rank. Sometimes, however, it is used to show that the people of that group are taking part in some form of ceremony. Today, in our society, cosmetics are usually used to improve the appearance of people and to make them appear healthy. It is not difficult to obtain cosmetics today. Many are made cheaply from synthetic materials and vegetable oils.
  
  1. Cosmetics have been _____ .
  A) made of synthetic fibers since ancient times.
  B) found in jars in museums.
  C) used for the body only in modem times.
  D) for ceremonies.
  E) used by people since ancient times.
  2. Cosmetics not only make people look good but also _____ .
  A) help maintain health in our society.
  B) established the social rank of people.
  C) help maintain an appearance of health.
  D) can be used in place of vegetable oils.
  E) are placed in museums.
  3. Egyptians used jars and bottles _____ .
  A) to hold both synthetic materials and vegetables.
  B) to give primitive tribes cosmetics to try out.
  C) to place into their museums.
  D) for both decoration and to hold their cosmetics.
  E) to help them with their cleaning.

  Atmosphere of Venus
  
  Data from the Pioneer spacecraft of NASA apparently prove the theory that the high surface temperature of Venus is due to an atmospheric greenhouse effect caused mainly by a blanket of carbon dioxide. Such a greenhouse effect is created when energy in the form of sunlight easily passes through a planet's atmosphere, warms its surface, and is converted to heat radiation that is then held in by the atmosphere from top to bottom. Venus has a relatively thin atmosphere like the Earth's, but Venus' atmosphere consists of more than ninety percent carbon dioxide, compared to less than four percent in that of the Earth. Because of its higher percentage of carbon dioxide, Venus' atmosphere traps much more heat radiation than does the Earth's. Thus, the Venus studies are believed to be important to the understanding of possible adverse effects on the Earth's agriculture that could result from the long-term use of fossil fuels, which add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
  
  1. According to the passage, data from the Venus study can be used to _____.
   A) measure the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere accurately
   B) increase the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
   C) test the efficiency of the spacecraft sent to Venus by NASA
   D) predict future agricultural problems on Earth
   E) determine the topography and the surface characteristics of the Earth
  
  2. We understand from the passage that the atmosphere of Venus _____.
   A) is thinner than the atmosphere of the Earth
   B) contains much more carbon dioxide than that of the Earth
   C) traps less heat radiation compared to the atmosphere of the Earth
   D) blocks out dangerous rays from the sun
   E) is far colder than the atmospheres of other planets in our solar system
  
  3. One can infer from the passage that _____.
   A) there is no difference between the atmospheres of Venus and the Earth
   B) the atmosphere of the Earth consists of mainly carbon dioxide
   C) the more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the warmer the world will tend to get
   D) lack of atmosphere causes a very high surface temperature on Venus
   E) Venus had once enjoyed a climate of the sort hospitable to life

  Tigers grow to lengths of ten feet or more and can be bigger than the largest lion. They have immense strength. They clutch their prey to them, holding on with their claws,
   and depend on the crushing bite of their powerful jaws to end the struggle. They swim very well and can often be seen splashing about in water on very hot days, since they
   apparently suffer from heat. When the air is chilly, however, they avoid wet or damp vegetation. They can climb, but do not approach the leopard's ability in this. They can
   negotiate treacherous rocky areas but generally prefer to stay on level ground. They are not as well equipped with senses as one might expect. They apparently depend on
   their hearing while hunting. Their eyesight is not particularly good, they seem unable to spot prey until it moves.
  
  1. It is clear from the passage that tigers _____
  A) rely on their huge claws alone to catch and kill their prey
  B) are the most skill-full climbers of all wild animals
  C) are sensitive to significant variations in temperature
  D) closely resemble lions as regards size, speed and strength
  E) rely heavily upon their eyesight in locating and catching prey
  2. As is mentioned in the passage, a flat terrain _____ .
  A) is usually the favored habitats of the tiger
  B) rather than rocky cliffs gives tigers better opportunities for hiding
  C) provides camouflage for leopards
  D) is usually wet, so tigers prefer higher levels
  E) usually has thicker vegetation which shelters more prey
  3. From the passage we learn that, contrary to what is generally thought _____ .
  A) once a prey starts to move a tiger can rarely catch it
  B) hearing is the least developed sense of the tiger
  C) the leopard's hunting ability is far behind that of the tiger
  D) rocky areas are invariably avoided by all wild animals
  E) the tiger's senses are not particularly well developed

  Fahrenheit is the system of measuring the temperature, how hot or cold something is, used by many people in Britain. The freezing point of Fahrenheit is 32 degrees. So a cold winter's day in Britain would have a temperature of 38 F (3 centigrade), and a hot summer's day would have a temperature of 90 F (32 centigrade). The Fahrenheit scale was invented by the German scientist Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1710. Today in Britain most people over twenty-five know the Fahrenheit scale but the centigrade system (Celsius) is being used more and more. Weather forecasts on television and in newspapers show temperature in both scales.
  
  1. It is explained in the passage that the term "Fahrenheit _____ .
  A) has retained its popularity among young people
  B) is very rarely used in Britain today
  C) refers to the scale of temperature between 32 and 90
  D) is never used in weather forecasts
  E) derives from the name of a German scientist
  2. It is implied in the passage that in the long run, the Celsius
  system _____ .
  A) will be remembered only by the elderly
  B) will soon fall into disuse
  C) seems likely to be favored by newspapers but not by television
  D) will replace the Fahrenheit one
  E) will improve and become more reliable
  3. The passage deals with _____ .
  A) two different systems of measuring the temperature
  B) the advantages of the Fahrenheit scale over the Celsius scale
  C) the scientific research carried out by Gabriel Fahrenheit
  D) the range in temperature to be found in the British isles
  E) the declining popularity of the Celsius scale in Britain